Understanding The Media And Celebrity Cultures

Understanding The Media And Celebrity Cultures Celebrity can be regarded as the subsequence of the cultural penetration of capitalist commercialism, as well as is the residual products resulted from the rising of popular cultural industry in the 20th century. The emergence and development of modern consumer society have carried on the flourish of celebrity culture. Popular culture is full of the celebrities radiance. The advantage of technology has changed peoples everyday life. The growth of income and leisure time has turned peoples attention on the issue of consumption. In order to satisfy consumers increasing desire of material and cultural consumption, celebrity and its relative industry have emerged and taken root in the ground of poplar culture. Simultaneously, the growth of social democracy, decline of religion power, and commodification of everyday life has contributed to current position of celebrities, they become the idols to the mass population in diverse aspects. In majority conditions, celebrities has become the es sential carriers of mass media, and also been fanatically imitated. Sports stars, movie actors and other kinds of public media images almost become icon and deity in many peoples mind. Celebrity culture has provided the role mode of fashion, external appearance, and personality for audience. In the world of mass media, celebrities has crosses from the range of entertainment, sports, politic, and business, to each territory of social life. From nobody to a popular superstar, the process needs an complete productive system, and undoubtedly, mass media is the best choice. Majority movements undertook by media are mainly surrounding the celebrities: the scriptwriter maybe make an executive screenplay for the celebrities; the movie director has possibility that shape a films star by classified image; the photography, light and costume might all serve the celebrity for his or her celebrification and commercial benefits. Under the impact of these series efforts, the fan group have come out , and then, a new market serving fans has emerged, by which, the deified status of stars have established and consolidated day by day. Celebrities utilize media to complete self-propaganda, media reversely use them to create substantial commercial return. However, in general, partial celebrities distaste the close supervision coming from media, similarly, media dislike celebrities arrogance as well. In this perspective, there is a kind of indivisible and hostile relationship between media and celebrities. In this study, there are two questions going to be answered, first, what kind of changes have happened on the way of getting fame under the context of contemporary consumer society? Secondly, what kind of role has mass media played in the process of celebrity production, or we can say what are the relation between mass media and celebrities? The Concept of Celebrity Culture There are many studies undertook of how the way of people getting fame has changed from ancient to contemporary period. It has primarily concentrated on the differences between hero and celebrity. Fame, as P. David Marshall (2006) stated, is only able to be gain through exemplified greatness in some way or other. In order to become great and known by everyone, a man has to possess the characteristics of making people admire his courage, talent or nobility. Shakespeare had divided great men into three categories: those born great, those who achieved greatness, and those who had greatness thrust upon them (P. David Marshall, 2006. p.72). Thomas Carlyle (1996) explained heros in six categories: divinity, prophet, poet, priest, man of letters, and king, all of who have a common feature that their process of getting fame is slow and by the natural way of becoming well known. Their fame was not made overnight, but was through a mysterious procedure as which God ruled the the generations. H owever, since the Graphic Revolution (Boorstin, 1992. p. 45), the definition of fame to people has changed into an item which can be manufactured through the channel of media. Celebrity culture has emerged, and peoples consciousness of hero have been confused. Actually, as P. David Marshall (2006) reported, the hero was distinguished by his achievement; the celebrity by his image or trademark. The hero created himself; the celebrity is created by the media. The hero was a big man; the celebrity is a big name ( p. 81). Rojek (2001) has similar point with Marshall, he believes that mass- media representation is the key principle in the formation of celebrity culture (p.13). He also induced the emergence of celebrity as a public preoccupation into three major interrelated processes: the democratization of society, the decline in organized religion, and the commodification of everyday life ( p.13). In other words, the democratic revolution challenged peoples idea of belief, they want to find the celebrities from common mankind, who can replace the monarchy as the new symbols of recognition and belonging (p.14). Simultaneously, with the development of commodification, celebrities are regarded as the best tools for mobilizing populaces consumption desire. In the following section, the primary task is to discuss celebrity culture in the context of consumer culture, and its impacts on our consumption habits. To the conception of consumer culture, there are a lot of versionsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Chinese economist Lezhong Wang (2002) has defined consumer culture as the presence of humans creativity in the consumption territory, and the sublimation and crystallization of individually rational practices of mankind. Consumer culture includes natural environment, human environment, material resources made by human beings, spiritual and cultural products, and the consumption behavior which is full of creativity and benefits for human health. In addition, Chinese sociologist-professor Haohui Xiao (cited in the translation of Lezhong Wang, 2002) points that broadly speaking, consumer culture is the combination of consuming material and spiritual culture; in a narrow sense, consumer culture is the reflections of consumption on peoples ideology, which are including the elements of consumer philosophy, consumer value, consumer ethics, consumer behavior, consumer taste, consumer atheists and consumer psychology, which are the ideological totality of reflecting and understanding consumer character during the consumer practice. Synthesizing former statements of the conception of consumer culture, why don not we understand it simply as a material movement in the procedure of consumption, which is accompanied with psychological thinking and value orientation. When consumer culture has become a natural environment, consumerism was going to derive. The so-called consumerism points to a kind of living style: the consumer purpose is not for satisfying realistic requirement, but pursuing the manufactured and motivated desire, constantly. In other words, what people consumed is not the value-in-use of commodity and service, but their symbolic significance (translated from Pingwen Huang, 2003). The expression of consumerism in the territory of cu ltural consumption is cultural consumerism. Respective cultural products and cultural spirits inevitably play the role of symbolic consumer goods. These spiritual products on the form of entertainment is alternative, and capable of very rapid mobility, but the innate ideological values cannot be replaced. Thus in this context of consumer culture, what role of celebrity has played? For understanding the impact of celebrity on contemporary society, Chris Rojek (2001, p. 29) provides three approaches: subjectivism, structuralism and post-structuralism. Subjectivist emphasizes the unique characteristic of celebrity. Generally, this kind of characteristic of celebrity is from innate talent, which is formed naturally, and becoming the primary force that attract audiences attention. Structuralist approaches to celebrity have attempted to provide scientific understanding of celebrity. They attributed the origination of celebrity to the influence of the cultural industry capitalism, and masculinity (Rojek. 2001). Guy Debord (cited in Rojek, 2001. p. 34) has suggested that industrial culture as a culture of signs and the purpose of celebrity culture is to shepherd the populace into imitative consumption. On the aspect of capitalism, celebrities are serving entertainment industry, and the reason why the masses can be attracted by celebrities, as Edgar Morin (1961) claime d that because celebrities could fulfill the regressive needs of the audience, which is on the level of psychology. In this respect, the celebrity can be understood as a carrier of ideology. David Marshall (1997) following this due, suggested that celebrity has a political function. It could be applied to contribute, propagate and extend certain forms of subjective values, such as individualism and heroism. Marshall also claims that mass media is the essential channel to realize this political function of celebrities. In Marshalls statement, celebrities to the audiences has taken effect as symbolic signs, which are embedded with psychological meaning. Another proposal of structuralism is that celebrity is the extension of what might be called fundamental types of character and embodiment in society (Rojek, 2001, p. 40). For this suggestion, Orrin Klapp (1962) thinks that because of the mass communications industry, the fundamental types in contemporary society have been successfully extended by the appearance of celebrities, subsequently which provides the important prototypes for the audience to emulate. The most valuable approach of understanding celebrity culture for this study is the post-structuralism, which is frequently associated with structuralism, but examine the problem of celebrity images as a whole and how those representations of these images are produced and consumed. Rojek (2001, p. 44) defined the notion of the post-structuralist approach as that star image are inflected and modified by the mass media and productive assimilation of the audience. In this respect, the images of celebrities are the common consequence of the work of media agents, press, publicists, producers, fans, and gossip columnists. As a result, the celebrity system could be used to fulfill political, economic, and cultural requirements. Associated with the consumer culture previously mentioned, the following section will concentrate on the celebrification process. Above all, the precondition of celebrity culture the context of capitalist consumer society. The logic of capitalism requires consumers to maintain increasing consumption desire for capitalist accumulation. However, peoples desire are too various to unify. For constantly maximizing the market share, manufacturers need some thing that could tie consumers attraction in a long run. In this sense, manufacturers found that celebrities are the desirable issue because, as what I mentioned, celebrity has the function of filling the psychological lack in humans mind. Rojek (2001, p. 15) claims that celebrities humanize the process of commodity consumption by the way of structuring human sentiments. Then, why celebrity could attract audiences attention on psychological level? Richard Dyer (1998) has regarded stars as a phenomenon of consumption (p.17), which originates from the four categories relationship between stars and audience: emotional affinity, self-identification imitation, and projection. This types of audience and star relation was firstly reported by Andrew Tudor (1974) in his book Image and Influence, with the range of star and individual identification and the order of consequences. Self-identification and projection belong to the high range of identification, in the contrast, emotional affinity and imitation ( of physical and simple behavioral characteristics) are classified to the low category. Dyer (1998) furthermore integrated Tudors discourse, reconstructs the way of how these four categories of star/audience relationship emerged. Emotional affinity as the weakest category, maybe is the most common sense among audiences. Audience finds there are an attachment between he or she with the star on the narrative of individual personality, and then, the sense of involvement has brought up. Self-identification happens when involvement has reached the point at which the audience-member places himself in the same situation and persona of the star (Tudor, p. 81). As for the third category-imitation, which is the primary reason for stimulating consumption as it is the commonest phenomenon among the young people, and establishing a kind of sentiment with audiences beyond the sphere of media texts. People who reaches the category of imitation are willing to consider stars as a role model and emulate their clothing, hair style and expression. For this, purchasing the products which ar e relative to the favored star is a subsequent behavior of audiences on this class. Projection as the last category is like a distillation of imitation, which pursues the deeper similarity with the adoring stars. Dyer (1998) concludes that from this accounts of the star/audience relationship, audiences participate few in the process of shaping the phenomenon, they are generally following the designed routine of celebrity production. Thus to manufacturers, celebrities are commodities in the sense that consumers desire to possess them Rojek (2001, p.15). For the stable economic growth, capitalism requires mobilizing abstract desire in the unconsciousness, and celebrity culture has been recognized as one of the most important mechanisms for mobilizing abstract desire due to it embodies desire in an animate object, which allows for deeper levels of attachment and identification than with inanimate commodities (Rojek, 2001, p.189). After understanding the impact of celebrity culture on consumption society, the next step of the celebrification process is referring to the relationship between mass media and the celebrity, or we can say how media product the celebrity. In the following part, I will integrate detailed examples to elaborate this complex. Media and Celebrification Celebrity culture is a prevalent phenomenon in contemporary society, its main mechanism is on the strength of celebrities to reach certain purposes. However, different from the great man in ancient period, modern celebrities are made through the tautology of media publicity to get audiences attention on the big names. Under the system of media institutions, the appeal of celebrity culture is characterized on three major aspects. Firstly, celebrity culture has promoted in various territories, the so-called celebrities are not merely refined to the range of entertainment, such as film, television, and music, but also involving sports stars and political celebrities. And in the media world, celebrities are active in all the sphere of entertainment, politic, sports, business and social life. For example, Arnold. Schwarzenegger as a successful actor of action movie, got the same achievement on the ground of politic. Secondly, the commercial application of celebrities is increasing, which also can be called as celebrity strategy. In such a circumstance of globalized economy, the combination of celebrity culture and commerce is increasingly close, to some extent, celebrity culture already, become a commercial strategy. Mass media is the key force in the activity of celebrity culture for commercial development. No matter what kind of celebrities, in modern society they have to borrow the powerful strength of mass media, especially the channel of television to increase own fame. Actually, contemporary media culture seems to turn to a kind of celebrity culture. Thirdly, the impact of celebrities is more deep and broad. Celebrities impacts are not just restricted on the film ticket results, or television audience rating, the more effective one is that they are the symbolic of fashion, success. Dyer (1998) thinks the stars, mainly film stars, have become models of consumption for everyone in consumer society (p. 39). As what I mentioned previously, this phenomenon is resulted from a psychological imitation. In this respect, celebrities are beyond the images shaped in media texts, and intervening in audiences everyday life, with providing the models of ideal personality and imaginary style which are matc hing with audiences desire. To mass media celebrities are as well as irreplaceable. In capitalist consumer society, the sustainment of media institutions is largely replying on the immense profits produced by advertising sponsors, who seek to on the strength of media propaganda to prompt commercial interests. In this perspective, media needs to use the activity of celebrities to stimulate and sustain audiences attention and desire, consequently, to maintain the consumption of sponsored products and own economic benefits. As a result, the relationship between celebrity culture and media are interdependent. However, to media, the concrete celebrity member is changeable, to some extent. In following analysis, certain film stars are picked up to elaborate the relation between celebrity and media. In a long time, film as a typical formation of media means is the breeding ground for celebrity culture. As early as the period of silent movie, the Western film industry has created the superstar-Charlie Chaplin. A top hat, sharp toe shoes, black mustache, tunic and loose trousers successfully shaped the classic Chaplin and his Ciarlo image around the world. Resulted from the preoccupation to his image, hundreds of thousand fans went to buy the small statue of the homeless image he played in the film. In 14th December of 2004, the prop-a bamboo cane, which was used by Chaplin in the film Modern Times came under the hammer in London Christies auction house, and finally got deal by 47,800 pounds. (From Internet Source, Dec, 2004). From this, maybe we can see how successful and persistent the image shaped by film is. The development of movie has contributed numerous film stars , and who are also regarded as the essential element of Hollywood films. The big name of star generally is the guarantee of ticket value as audiences are willing to pay money for their favored stars, so producers as well as prefer employing stars to make predictable profit result. With the engagement of superstars and the frenetic hype before the show time, stars and the film could both be famous. An effective instance is the Hollywood film Oceans Twelve, which was showed on 2004, and assembled the top famous stars on that time: George Clooney, Brad Pit, Matt Damon, Andi Garcia, Julie Roberts and Catherine-zeta Jones. The executive official of Exhibitor Relations Paul has said that film fans commonly prefer the films gathering all stars together, watching this kind of film will feel like one time shopping for Hollywood top stars. According to the data of Exhibitor Relations in 12th December of 2004, it showed that last week, Oceans Twelve has got the top position of the North American Box office by $40,900,000 which created the forth highest box office of opening premier in the history, just after The Lord of Ring. Many Hollywood analysts even foresaw that Oceans Twelve will extend the success of the part one Oceans Eleven, and earn much more money. In the com mentary of this film, a large part of audiences said that no matter what the narrative is, they have to watch it just for the stars (From Internet sources, 14th Dec, 2004). By comparison, the commercialization of Chinese film industry and celebrity culture took place lately. In the early film times in China, a series film stars like Linyu Ruan and Xuan Zhou had few commercial feature, they just treated acting as a professional job. Besides, at that time China was still caught in the situation of foreign invasion and repression, the development of commercial system was not complete, the aim of filming a movie, to large extent, is for diffusing and agitating populaces passion and confidence of fighting, rather than earning box office and profits. This situation has modified since the conduction of the reform and open policy, people have noticed that film industry is good way for making profits. Film producers began to concern market trends, and be aware of the importance of contenting audiences needs, trying to search what kind of film genre and film star will be preferred by Chinese people, and for what reason audiences are able to consume films. As a result, from the gradual growth of Chinese film industry, it is clear that consumption pursuit is the precondition of film production and birth of star. Star Production or Consumption Within the interdependent relationship of celebrities an mass media, a question called the production-consumption dialectic of mass communications has suggested by Edgar Morin (1968), which means stars are a phenomenon of production that arising from what the film makers provide, or of consumption that arising from film audiences demands (Dyer, 1998, p. 9). Firstly, as for the discourse of stars as a phenomenon of production, which is regarding stars as products of mass communication. For example, majority American film stars are the products of Hollywood. Hollywood production has been considered as a capitalist production, and in this sense, the function of film stars is concentrated on the economy of hollywood (Dyer, 1998). Robert A. Brady (1947) suggested that stars are a kind of capital possessed by Hollywood industry, which is characterized as monopoly, which is also the first element in the economics of Hollywood classified by Dyer (1998). The second role of stars is investment . Dyer (1998) analyzed that stars to film makers are a secure guarantee, which could promise their investment on the film has the profit value. Thirdly, stars themselves are a major investment to film makers, the commission for stars appearance takes a large portion of the whole film budget. The last element stars representing is the market. Alexander Walker (1974) reported a similar point that the use of a star to stabilize audience response (p. 15). For film producers, an effective way to organize the market is to attract audiences attention. Secondly, the question is are stars a phenomenon of consumption that arising from film audience demands?. Actually, in Part1, the account of the star/audience relationship has answered this question by the audiences role in shaping the star phenomenon is very limited (Dyer, 1998. p. 18), because stars are made by mass media to satisfy the requirement of commercial interests. However, because the feature of modern celebrity culture is largely dependent on the work of media publicity, audiences have possibility to take a part in the process of star production. To modern people living in the consumer society, being wealthy and famous as a symbol of success, which actually is equivalent with the connotation of modern star. In American culture, the individualism is a primary value, which effects American people in everyday life. It advocates that everyone has the fair right to be successful as if you can grasp a good chance, and pay hard work, regardless of talent and application. In the star system, this value should have reformed, as it requires the ordinary people who want to be star have certain talent and specialness, of course, good luck is also an indispensable element ( Dyer, 1998). In this respect, under the context of modern mechanism of celebrity culture, peoples value towards success has changed. They dream of being famous, no matter by what kind of way. Apparently, being star is a deserving way to get success, because on the strength of media, maybe the dream will be realized overnight. As a result, in contemporary society, people who have a star dream is a normal phenomenon. Like I mentioned, media get used to mobilize audiences desire to maintain consumption. when they found audiences desire of being star, they have began a new round of star production among the ordinary people, as the economic return will be more intensive, in this operation, stars are playing the role of production largely. This principle has also been noticed by Chinese media system. The television program Super girl is an typical instance, which is operated by a local television station of China. The basic program policy is that, it provides a platform for ordinary people to present their talent on singing, any female who are interested in singing all could participate in this contest, the last three winners will get ten years contract with the music corporation, which means the winners of this television singing competition will be shaped as music stars. This contest has three professional music juries, but the final determinative right is in the hands of audiences, who can vote th eir favorite participants through mobile texts. Of course, the text was charged as several times as ordinary fee, thus undoubtedly, the communication corporation is the biggest sponsor. This program almost swept the whole country in that time, the reason why it can be so successful is because, first of all, it provides a chance for ordinary people o show their talent before public, which impossible in normal life. Secondly, it transfers the power of star production to audiences, which to some extent makes audience feel like they are more close to the star system, which in ordinary life is a fantastic stuff. Lastly, through this program, someone who ever is an ordinary citizen has actually become a music star of China, this outcome further promotes audiences attention on the star they selected out, and have a kind of intimacy with the star. From this process, we can find that the biggest winner is media itself. All the program is a public projection of star production, but the producer is audience self. By this way of making audiences engaged in the production could absorb audiences attention and desire in a more broad sphere, after all, television is the most effective communication tool. Associating with this instance, the mechanism of modern media institution is apparent, under the motive of finally commercial return, stars can be manufactured randomly as a kind of production in consumer society. Conclusion The commercial flourish has led to the extension of celebrity culture. Celebrities become the living representation in this modern time. They create dreams for massive ordinary people, who have been made as the accessories of commerce unconsciously. People are relying on celebrities to make the final decision on consumption, and regarding them as the indispensable image model in realistic life, the impact is not only on the external style of outfit, but also on the psychological movement. Idol chasing, worship, and imitation already become a kind of prevailing fashion in 21st century. If say celebrities provide imaginary scene for the masses, then mass media is the producer of this fantastic picture. Relying on mass media and basic communication technology, celebrities get soil to root and grow up. We even can say that celebrities are the result of mass media production. To our audiences, since we have few influence on the process of celebrity production, the only thing we can do is to recognize the innate character of this mechanism clearly. It is not suggesting to criticize the celebrity culture entirely, but proposing to find our respective correct position in this circumstance. Like I mentioned, there are major four categories of stars/audience relationship. In real life, the person who belong to the former two category-emotional affinity and self-identification are both normal, because which just result from a sense of involvement in the films as well as other media texts. However, person who if is caught in the imitation and projection categories, the influence will be active in his/her realistic life, because it is possible of them to lose themselves just for imitating the living style of their favored stars in or beyond screen images. In this study, there are two main limitations should be pointed out. Firstly, as celebrity culture is a fairly complicated topic, this study merely provides brief introduction of the reason of the emergence of celebrity, the way to understand celebrity, and the impact of celebrity on media in consumer society. The analysis of detailed media text is for elaborating the relationship between media and celebrity culture, but the data is limited. Secondly, the impact of celebrities should be on various territories, but in this study, I narrowed the scale of celebrities in the level of film stars, as I think they are more typical and easy to get touch in. In the future, the research of celebrity culture should concentrate on the depth of certain detail, and give consideration with all possibilities in that territory. Besides, the standpoint of audience is also necessary to be involved, as they are the final information receiver, the way how they understand the propaganda, the news of celeb rities is important resources for the study of celebrity culture.

Hemophilia Essay -- essays research papers

Hemophilia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemophilia is the oldest know, lifelong bleeding disorder(â€Å"Hemophilia†2004). It is named for two inherited diseases in which the blood does not clot normally. Several different plasma proteins must be present for blood to clot property. If one of the plasma proteins is missing, or present at low levels, blood clots very slowly(â€Å"Hemophilia† The Marshall Cavendish). The two most common types of hemophilia are: Hemophilia A or FactorVIII(8) deficiency and Hemophilia B of FactorIX(9) deficiency(â€Å"Hemophilia† 2002). People with Hemophilia A have low levels of one kind of blood clotting protein and people with Hemophilia B have low levels of another kind(â€Å"Hemophilia† The new book).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemophilia primarily affects males, and is present from birth. It is estimated that 20,000 cases have been identified in the United States. In most cases, hemophilia is usually passed down from the mother to son (â€Å"hemophilia† and the new book). A women who is carrying the hemophilia is usually referred as a â€Å"carrier†. For instance; If a women who is a carrier of the hemophilia gene has a daughter, that daughter has a 50% chance of being a carrier. If women who is a carrier of the hemophilia gene has a son, the son has a 50% chance of having hemophilia. A very daughter of a man with hemophilia will be a carrier (Obliogate carrier). If a man with hemophilia has a son, they will not be affected and will not have hemophilia. However, approximately 30% of those families affected by hemophilia have no previous family history of hemophilia and is considered a â€Å"spontaneous mutation† (â€Å"Hemophilia†2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are degrees of severity to the amount of specific protein in the blood. Normal levels of the factor proteins measured in the lab range approximately 50%-150%. Severe Hemophiliacs have 1%-5% of the specific protein. Mild Hemophiliacs have >5%-49% of the specific protein. As expected, those with the severe hemophilia may have spontaneous bleeding as a well as bleeding with minor injuries and trauma. Those with moderate hemophilia will have bleeding with injuries or trauma but not likely to have spontaneous bleeding. Those with mild hemophilia may only experience bleeding after trauma or surgery (â€Å"Hemeophilia† 2002)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common sites for the person with hem... ...ed before treatment can be offered to patients, there has been however a number of studies done in animals such as mice and dogs in which a factor VII or IX gene has been inserted and produced th eproper blood product for periods that exceed one year. Major issues that remain to be resolved include the low level of production of the clotting factor, reduction of immune reactions that stop the reproduction after a period, and development of ways to insert the gene directly into th ebody without manipulating cells outside the body (â€Å"Hemophilia†13 May 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The expense, danger of indwelling catheters, and inconvenience of the treatment regimen are all negative factors. All of these issues will become less important, even irrelevant, if the disease can be cured. At the present time, there are sufficient indications that gene therapy will ultimately be this cure. The technology for gene therapy’s not as simple as was first thought. Yet because of tis special characteristics, hemophilia will likely be among the first genetic diseases to be successfully treated (â€Å"Hemophilia† 13 May 1996). Citation â€Å"Blood clot in vessey.† Adam. nrd. 26 Feb. 2004

Return to paradise Ethics and morality Essay

In the movie Return to paradise directed by Michael Asimow, Asimow raises profound questions about the gulf between law and justice and about personal moral responsibility. Some of the main ethical questions raised in the movie are, Are we being ethnocentric about how the Malaysian chief treat the case, should Sheriff go to prison for Lewis? And did Beth unethically trick sheriff into going by getting into an affair and not telling the full truth. Sheriff seems to be a nice relaxed guy and seems to be your average guy who knows his place in the world, but when Beth confronts him about Lewis’s situation, his whole life changes and he begins off as a shallow coward and over time begins to emerge. For eight days he goes through a spiritual transformation, sheriff decides to accept his fate. He comes to the conclusion that he will stay for Lewis due to the guilt. Lewis is still executed, but we are left with the impression that sheriff has found peace within his heart. Tony is a married man and works as an architect. When Beth confronts him, like sheriff, he is deeply disturbed by the decision he will have to make, and does not know what to do. He agrees to return to Malaysia, but only if Sheriff returns too. Sheriff remains resistant to the idea, and so Tony decides to accept the full six years. After much soul-searching sheriff eventually accepts his share of responsibility. After Beth is revealed as the sister of Lewis, Tony freaks out and flees the country, leaving sheriff and Lewis to suffer. The fact that he left Lewis to die because he found out Beth was his sister shows that he may never wanted to go back, and was waiting for and excuse to escape. Beth is the sister and lawyer of Lewis. Through love of her brother and her skill as a lawyer Beth tries her hardest to keep her brother off death row. She wins Tony over at first, and tries to get sheriff to join as well- using guilt, logic, money, and even sex to shift his mind. Over time she convinces both of them to return for lewis and after all her desperate attempts to save lewis due to the ruthless and heatless newspaper journalist lewis is still hung. When sheriff was faced with the possibility of prison in a third world country, he sought council from his distant father, who told him to go to prison and suffer the consequences of his actions. Tony talked to his wife about the idea, and Beth relied on her own instincts to do what she thought was right. Initially, and for a majority film, sherif’s answer was no. This was mostly because of fear and the unknown of prison. After discussing it with his wife  Tony agrees to the three-year sentence, and then after sheriff declines, decides on his own to take the full six years in order to save him. Beth decides to continually pursues both men, despite the fact that Tony has already agreed. She does this to decrease the scentence for both men. Sheriffs decision was influenced by no one but himself. His, father, Beth, Tony and Tony’s wife all insisted that he accept the sentence, but out of selfishness he thought of only his safety and declined. Tony’s decision came initially out of discussion with his wife, but was eventually persuaded through guilt to accept the full sentence. Beth came to her decision through love of her brother, but also respect and compassion for Tony and sheriff who would have to suffer for lewis’s life. Although this film certainly holds no happy ending, the bond between sheriff and beth is now strong and she has agreed to wait for his freedom.

One-dimensional Characters Lack Depth and Never Grow

In literature, as in life, people often see growth, change, and internal conflict carried out in a single character. The term one-dimensional character in a book review or story refers to a character who lacks depth and who never seems to learn or grow. When a character is one-dimensional, he or she does not demonstrate a sense of learning in the course of a story. Authors may use such a character to highlight a certain trait, and usually, it is an undesirable one. The Role of the Flat Character in a Story One-dimensional characters are also known as flat characters or characters in fictional stories that do not change much from the start of the story to the end. It is thought that these type of characters have little to no emotional depth. Their role is often to highlight the main character, and they typically hold a simple and small perspective about life or the situation in the story. Their character is often a stereotype and may simply be used as a literary device to keep the narrative moving. Examples of Popular One-dimensional Characters A one-dimensional character can be summed up in a certain trait or characteristic. In All Quiet on the Western Front, for example, Paul Bà ¤umers high school teacher, Kantorek, maintains the role of a one-dimensional character, because he maintains a sense of idealistic patriotism despite his encounters with war atrocities. Additional one-dimension characters from famous books and plays include: Benvolio from Romeo and Juliet (By William Shakespeare)Elizabeth Proctor from  The Crucible  (By Arthur Miller)Gertrude from  Hamlet  (William Shakespeare)Miss Maudie from  To Kill a Mockingbird  (By Harper Lee) How to Avoid Writing One-dimension Characters in a Story Characters that lack internal conflict or multiple facets to their personality are often dubbed as flat or one-dimensional characters. This is often seen as a bad thing in a story, especially for first-time writers, when all of the characters are one-dimensional. However, if there are one or two characters that are simplistic in nature for a reason, it may not be perceived as a negative trait. As long as an author uses  one-dimensional characters correctly, and with deliberate intention, there is nothing wrong with it. Often, a narrative is most successful with a combination of flat and rounded characters. With that said,  its important to have strong character development overall to create rounded characters that have some depth to them. This helps characters imitate being a real human being. Being able to relate to characters in this way, as a reader, makes them far more interesting and realistic. Furthermore, the complexity that a character holds reveals the challenges they go through and shows the many sides of them, which reveals what their life is truly like to readers. Tips for Creating Characters With Depth Writing better characters for fiction readers help immerse them in a narrative. Below are several tips for developing multi-faceted characters: Allow characters to hold strong opinions.  Giving characters a mix of relatable features, such as positive traits, along with character flaws, like mistakes and fears, will keep them well-rounded.Share the motivations and desires of the characters through their thoughts, actions, and obstacles, such as other characters.Give some mystery to characters. Throwing too much at the reader at once is not realistic. Treat characters like a person the reader is meeting for the first time, and allow them to develop over the course of the story.

Corporate Manpower Philosophy - 999 Words

CORPORATE MANPOWER PHILOSOPHY The corporate manpower Philosophy is not mainly about manpower Function. It is more about the leadership style of the top management, the current corporate culture and values. It is about the vision of the leader of the organization. The modern leader usually requires a modern HR Management approach and builds the environment suitable for the evolution of the modern HR Management. This is the manpower Philosophy behind the scene. The development of the manpower Philosophy is a long term process. The philosophy is usually informal and respects values and opinions of the main stakeholders. The leader of the organization has a significant influence on the manpower Philosophy. The HR Leader is the next one†¦show more content†¦Instead, they strive to see how much they can get out of them with as little investment as possible. They see manpower as an expence. Manpower are assets. Organizations, especially those in retail, are dependant on employees for competitive differentiation . Employee’s knowledge, attitude and skills in large part provide an organization with its key points of differentiation. Organizations with highly skilled and knowledgeable employees have a tremendous competitive advantage. As a manager, one of the top priorities should be the continuous development of the Manpower assets. This involves focus in three areas.. First, The employees should be assigned to roles that maximize their strengths. People are unique. They each bring different capabilities to the organization. Get to know the employees and build reasonable flexibility into their assignments that enable them to leverage what they do best. Organizations that leverage the unique capabilities of their employees have a much higher overall capability than those that don’t. Two, Invest in employee training and development. High performing organizations offer training and education opportunities to their employees. The minimum training requirements such as one or two wee ks per year for each employee should be there. Identification of there training areas should be appropriate that would enable them to be more effective. Three, Coach the employees.Show MoreRelatedNucor960 Words   |  4 Pagestype or quality of materials. In terms of Operations, Nucor construct an efficient production system. They build their own equipment to have high control over cost of production and productivity of the machinery. All of it was done with minimal manpower, usually hired from the rural areas, to save cost. In addition, Nucor strives for both internal and external economies of scales to reduce production costs. They constantly engage in joint venture, as well as merger and acquisitions to expand theirRead MoreUnderstanding The Philosophy Of Human Resource Management980 Words   |  4 PagesWith the changing trends of industry in the competitive environment of open market, human resource management becomes a significant variable for the efficient growth of any organization. Manpower planning was the very first concept used in ancient eras with the passage of the trends changes and the concept of manpower planning changed and become personal management. Today personal management is known as Human resource management. Some of the factors or significant variables mentioned by the AmericanRead MoreArgues the benefits or disadvantages of Human Resources being a strategic business partner964 Words   |  4 Pagesand practices. HR is also important to being a strategic business partner because it considers as the use of planning, a coherent approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on an employment policy and manpower strategy and often underpinned by a philosophy, matching HRM activities and policies to some explicit business strategy and finally seeing the people of the organization as a strategic resource of r the achievement of competitive advantage. The importance of HR beingRead MoreHuman Resource Management, an Academic Theory and Business Practice1381 Words   |  6 Pagesit is preventative of potential problems, and secondly it should be a major aspect of the company philosophy, in which all managers and employees are champions of an HRM based policies and philosophy. Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_management Other related topics are: Personnel management Civil service—Personnel management Manpower Planning Knowledge Management Leadership Corporate Culture Organizational Change A. BOOKS (Located at the General Collection Shelves near the CirculationRead More Starbucks International - Foreign Market Entry Strategy Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesStarbucks International - Foreign Market Entry Strategy Starbucks International has gone beyond the normal philosophy of Starbucks, to create a re-birth of their product line in foreign countries. Typically in the United States, Starbucks owns its entire line of coffee-bar stores outright with no franchise investments or partnerships. However, their international operations are quite the opposite. Starbucks International has adopted a strategy of partnerships to create its line of internationalRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management1251 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween international and domestic environments. Not surprisingly, senior managers with little international experience may assume that there is a great deal of transferability between domestic and international HRM practices. The challenge for the corporate HR manager who wishes to contribute to the internationalization of their firm is to work with top management in fostering the desired ‘global mindset’. This goal requires, of course, a HR manager who is able to think globally and to formulate andRead MoreGe Jeff Immelt1815 Words   |  8 Pages3/25/2011 Ge Making Of Ceo Management of Organizations Case Write-up 1 – GE’s Talent Machine: The Making of a CEO http://www.papercamp.com/print/GeMaking-Of-Ceo/10993 1.What philosophy, policies, and practices have made GE a â€Å"CEO factory† as Fortune called it? General Electric (GE) has traditionally had a hands-on approach to talent management. There is a high degree of involvement of the top management in its people policies. There is a top-down approach to human resource policy. AlsoRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility At Adam Smith s The Wealth Of Nations Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The subject of corporate social responsibility raises a peculiar, yet necessary question if its concept is to be understood: why do businesses exist? There are several was to answer this question, but none comes as close enough as the content contained in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations. According to Smith (2005), all individuals work for their own interests. This is affirmed by Hodgson (2004), who states that opportunism defines the transactional world of economic man. In the yearsRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management1738 Words   |  7 Pagesone another. The strategic management process is typically broken down into five steps: 1. Mission and goals 2. Environmental analysis 3. Strategic formulation 4. Strategy implementation 5. Strategy evaluation. 1. Mission and goals At the corporate level, the strategic management process includes activities that range from appraising the organization’s current mission and goals to strategic evaluation. The first step in the strategic management model begins with senior managers evaluating theirRead MoreOrganisation Structural Study on Apollo Tyres5324 Words   |  22 Pagesautomobile segment have shifted to radial tyres and the usage of cross-ply is restricted to trucks and buses only. COMPANY PROFILE Apollo Tyres Ltd is a high-performance company and the leading Indian tyre manufacturer. Head quartered in Gurgaon, a corporate-hub in the National Capital Region of India, Apollo is a young, ambitious and dynamic organisation, which takes pride in its unique identity. Registered as a company in 1976, Apollo is built around the core principles of creating stakeholder value

Analysis Of Holden Uses Defense Mechanisms - 1157 Words

Jenny Jung Mrs. Kehrmeyer AP Language, Period 1 08 March 2017 Consequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. Therefore, Holden is subconsciously utilizing defense mechanisms in order to shield himself from confronting his problems. One major defense mechanism present in Holden’s behavior is denial. Holden’s resides in an ivory tower, reluctant to accept that he’s actually hurt.†¦show more content†¦However, Nevid clarifies, â€Å"Though defense mechanisms may be a normal process of adjusting to the unreasonable demands of the id, they can give rise to abnormal behavior,† (471). Although defense mechanisms can help put off a cert ain problem for some time, relying on defense mechanisms is not always beneficial because it gives people reasons to act irrationally. This clarification of Freud’s theory is strongly portrayed in Holden’s exaggerated view of reality. His denial triggers delusional fantasies in Holden’s mind that he doesn’t seem to think deeply about. For example, when one rash thought entered into Holden’s mind, he delivers an ultimatum to Sally, saying, â€Å"...Tomorrow morning we could drive up to Massachusetts and Vermont...We’ll stay in cabin camps until the dough runs out. Then, when the dough runs out, I could get a job somewhere, and we could live somewhere with a brook and all and, later on, we could get married or something,† (Salinger 132). At the age of sixteen, as if it’s not unrealistic enough, he tries to persuade Sally. When Sally gives him a reality check, he practically rages at her. Holden is so blinded by the fantasy world he created for himself and his defense mechanisms were giving Holden an excuse to acting abnormally. As a result, he blames Sally for the unreasonable idea he proposed, calling her â€Å"a royal pain in the ass,† (133). This irrational behavior of Holden is exactly what Freud is illustrating in his theory of personality thatShow MoreRelatedHolden Uses Defense Mechanisms1372 Words   |  6 PagesConsequently, Holden uses defense mechanisms, â€Å"as a means of preventing anxiety that would result from conscious awareness of disturbing impulses, wishes, or ideas arising from the id,† (Nevid 471). Nevid explains that according to Freudian theory, defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious part of the human brain because if people were conscious of every single problem, people wouldn’t be able to function. 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Corporate Social Responsibility and Market †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility and Market. Answer: Introduction The United Kingdoms two leading oil and gas companies Shell and British Petroleum are taken into consideration for this assessment. Every organization publishes their sustainability report so that stakeholders of those companies can view their reflection on past performance and future initiatives in terms of social and governance (ESG), environmental aspects and corporate social responsibility to some extent. This assessment highlights the comparison of the two companies based on their sustainability report. The difference between these two companies based on the range of social, environmental and economic issues is also illustrated in the business report. Moreover, a difference between the reports that furthermore describes the differences of culture, attitudes, regulations and technology is also represented. The discussions of the differences in this sustainability report based on the Zadek et al.s (1997) criteria. Lastly, a group dissection based on the preferences of one of the t wo considered organization will also be discussed. Shell in the year 2016 had attained the annual revenue of $183,008 million which was $222,894 million in the previous year (Statista, 2017) The annual revenue incurred in the year 2016 by Royal Dutch Shell $233.59 billion; whereas, in the previous year the concerned organization have earned $ 264.96 billion (Statista, 2017). However, in terms of oil and gas sustainability ranking British Petroleum leads the Royal Dutch Shell. In this business report, the difference among the two companies is effective as both serve same performance and thus carrying a comparison between the two companies present a greater overview regarding the activities towards sustainability. Shell is associated with the business activity of oil exploration, development and extraction, manufacturing and energy production, transport and trading and sales and marketing. This information is present in the starting pages of the sustainability report of Shell. BP on the other hand is also liable for performing the similar job roles. Another fact that is necessary to address that is both the companies publishes their sustainability report from decades and thus it can be said that both these companies are aware of their responsibility towards the planet earth. Difference of the two companies based on range of social, environmental and economic issues Shell has mentioned the issue on climate change and energy transition, Business ethics, transparency and governance, environmental impacts, GHG and energy and Community engagement and societal impact. According to the CEOs letter, they are taking continuous effort to ensure safety so that they can work without causing harm to people and the environment. British Petroleum reported their social issues that are they have to play a crucial role in business for lower carbon future to take action on climate change, focusing on safe operations, maximizing value to society, respecting human rights and managing the local environmental impacts. The letter written by CEO of the concerned organization written that $1 billion of investment was made for formulating and implementing low carbon technologies to build a sustainable future. Thus, it can be said that both the companies are taking initiative for sustainable business procedure. Shell started their discussion of sustainability by representing their aim for running a safe, efficient, responsible and profitable business. The positive and unique attribute of this report is that they have presented their goals for the year 2016 and highlight the priorities for the year 2017. This approach shows that they have focused both on their current business strategies and future business plans. Shell also presented their work for addressing the climate change that is utilizing only the natural gas into different products that is liquid fuels, hydraulic fluids and lubricants for final use. The concerned organization also collaborated with government to create carbon pricing mechanisms. Moreover, they also have taken steps for demonstrating CCS technology with their global partners. British Petroleum highlighted their key issues prior to any other information. However, the report consists of the details of the business functions, their business trading throughout the world and segmentation of their employees based on region and segments, which is not required to be reported in sustainability report. In addition to that, there positive aspect of this report is that they have presented their green house gas emission and their breakdown along with their details for the year 2012 to 2016. British Petroleum also presented their timeline of two decades that illustrates their initiatives of tackling climate change. They have also represented a statistical representation of GHG movements from 2015 to 2016 along with their performance for reducing the climate change impact. Evaluation of social accounting approach according to Zadek et al.s (1997) criteria Lee and Vachon (2016) stated that there are total of eight principles under the Zadek et al.s (1997) criteria- inclusivity, comparability, completeness, evolution, management policies and system, disclosure, external verification and continuous improvement. Iannuzzi (2017) furthermore explains that these criteria assess whether or not an organization is auditing their sustainable report appropriately. In this aspect both the companies- British Petroleum and Royal Dutch Shell reported their issues, controversies and transparency in their business. Shell has successfully identified their Board of Directors (BOD) who is liable to assess the governance of tax. These members also assess system of risk management and internal control. However, the key members and their role in maintaining the sustainability are not present. The committee about which the details are given is for the corporate social responsibility. This committee is also responsible for measuring sustainability performance and audit results. Alike Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum also stated that their Board of Directors evaluate the carbon emission and carbon footprint research. However in this case also, the stakeholders details are not discussed. Shell has information about their corporate social responsibility along with their sustainable approaches. The details of the code of conduct is not discussed however a link is provided in which the values and business principles of shell is defined properly. British Petroleum does not include their CSR activities in their business sustainability report. On the other hand, details about governance of sustainability issues are given in the report. This committee is known as safety, ethics and environment assurance committee (SEEAC) but the details about code of ethics is absent in the report. In both the cases, the pictorial representation is not present for all the aspects. Descriptive detail is present that need much time to read and getting the information. In the sustainability report for Royal Dutch Shell, the information only focused on energy transition that is addressing climate change, utilization of natural gas, research and development for lower carbon alternatives. In comparison, British Petroleums sustainability report illustrates the sustainability in every aspect that is climate change, energy transformation, supply chain and inventory management. Details about freshwater consumption, water consumption intensity, air emissions and environmental expenditures are discussed properly that on the other hand is not present in Shells report. In both the cases the major accidents done by oil spillage is not highlighted in the sustainability report. Thus, it can be said that some important controversy is hidden in the report in both the case. Identification of the target line is not given in the report but the planning for reducing the carbon emission is present. However, the measures for reducing the number of accidents are discussed. Shell provides the details of their safety target in terms of road safety and oil spills only. British Petroleum in terms of major accidents consider vehicle accidents and traffic accidents is discussed. One positive aspect in this case is BPs report; the graphical interpretation of the vehicle accidents is given for the year 2012 to 2016. Management policies and system Shell have formulated energy and climate policy, retaliation policy, Health, Safety, Security and Environment and Social Performance (HSSESP) policy, child labor policy, employment policy, fair-work policy, policies for equal opportunities and supply chain policy. Policies in British Petroleum are formulated for risk management systems, greenhouse gas policy, consumer behavior policy, human rights policy and corruption policy. In both the reports there are definition of these policies are only present and the details of the implementation of these policies on breaching of the business approaches is not present. Thus, here also the sustainability report lacks some crucial details. In the report, Shell mentioned that they have disclosed their every details from their form 20-F, File No 1-32575 but the data is not present for public use or preview. The company also adhere Governments Regulations 2014 for disclosure related to payments. They have adhered to the transparency aspect under the initiative of Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). GRI report is not present however only the Environmental data and social and safety data are disclosed for the year range of 2007- 2016. BP only follows Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) for maintaining transparency. The suitability report of BP does not provide GRI index report which is necessary in resenting the sustainability report. External verification In terms of external verification, Shell has taken the help from EY to audit their performance in context of the sustainable business approach. British petroleum taken help from the Deloitte to audit the report of their sustainability activities. In both the cases, the CEO letter refers to the fact that they are taking initiatives for reducing the carbon emission and making their oil extraction process more eco-friendly and improve their system so that major accidents can be minimized. The value of the Royal Dutch Shell according to the sustainability report is to help shaping more sustainable energy for the future, sharing wider benefits in their business operation and executing a safe, efficient, responsible and profitable business. The value proposed by British Petroleum is focusing on quality oil projects gas, producing fuels and lubricants that can be used in cars, optimizing the growth of biofuel and transforming operational performance. Reflection of the group discussion There are two discussion sets among out team members regarding the preference company in terms of their sustainability approach. In the first session, we have decided to hold a discussion on their carbon emission approaches. It is found from the discussion that Shell has taken effort to present data in different aspect that is climate change, community engagement, social impact, safety measure, transparency policies. Whereas, there BP also focuses on the same but does not provide evidence of their initiatives. The second days we have decided to discuss about controversial things that newspaper article provide but are not present in the report. The discussion led us to the conclusion that both the companies have not illustrate the major accidents like transportation accidents and oil spill in that affects the climate more adversely. Thus, in this case, we found both Shell and British Petroleum to be unethical. However, in terms of more details about the sustainable activities and formulation of policies and maintaining transparency of data and business process, Royal Dutch Shell is considered to be more sustainable than BP. Conclusion Enormous challenge facing governments and compliance issue are present in the sustainability report for both the organization. Shell and British Petroleum are the two industries that are taken into consideration. There are much information present in both of the sustainability report but their initiative of reducing the problem of carbon emission is not present. Policy details are present in both the report but the utilization of these policies is not given in the report. In addition to that, the details about the all the crucial information related to controversy and adversity is not mentioned in the report. Thus, it is difficult to state whether their policy is effective to maintain the sustainability of the earth. Lastly, another important aspect that is absent from the report is the information about the code of conduct and data sheet of GRI index. Reference List Bp.com. (2017). British Petroleum Corporate Sustainability Report. [online] Available at: https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/sustainability.html [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Dauvergne, P. Lister, J. (2013). Eco-business: A big-brand takeover of sustainability. MIT Press. De Brucker, K., Macharis, C., Verbeke, A. (2013). Multi-criteria analysis and the resolution of sustainable development dilemmas: A stakeholder management approach. European journal of operational research, 224(1), 122-131. Henderson, R., Gulati, R. and Tushman, M. eds., 2015. Leading sustainable change: An organizational perspective. OUP Oxford. Holloway, J. (2016). What stakeholder management should learn from sales and marketing. Further Advances in Project Management: Guided Exploration in Unfamiliar Landscapes, 236. Iannuzzi, A. (2017). Greener products: The making and marketing of sustainable brands. CRC Press. Kashmanian, R. M., Moore, J. R. (2014). Building greater sustainability in supply chains. Environmental Quality Management, 23(4), 13-37. Lee, K.H. Vachon, S. (2016). Business Value and Sustainability. Palgrave Macmillan UK. Lee, K.H. Vachon, S. (2016). Integrated Supply Network and Business Sustainability. In Business Value and Sustainability (pp. 59-93). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Muller, A. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Reports.shell.com. (2017). Shell Sustainability Report 2016. [online] Available at: https://reports.shell.com/sustainability-report/2016/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Samuelson, P. A., Anderson, H. C. (2014). corporate social responsibility. Morality and the Market (Routledge Revivals): Consumer Pressure for Corporate Accountability, 43. Statista (2017). BP revenue 2003-2016 | Statistic. [online]. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264185/bp-group-revenue-since-2003/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Statista. (2017). Royal Dutch Shell revenue 2005-2016 | Statistic. [online] Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/268734/revenue-of-royal-dutch-shell/ [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Steenkamp, J. B. (2017). Corporate Social Responsibility. In Global Brand Strategy (pp. 209-238). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Suliman, A. M., Al-Khatib, H. T., Thomas, S. E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, 15. Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Ibusiness, 6(03), 117. Ziegler, J. Gerhartz, S. (2016). Sustainable Supply Chains-How do companies integrate sustainability into their supply chains?.